Race for Profit : How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership

基本信息

By (author) Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor

Series:Justice, Power and Politics

Format:Hardback 368 pages, 6 halftones

Publisher:The University of North Carolina Press

Imprint:The University of North Carolina Press

ISBN:9781469653662

Published: 30 Nov 2019

Classifications:History of the Americas, Population & demography

Readership:General (US: Trade)

Weight:644g

Dimensions:167 x 244 x 32 (mm)

Pub. Country:United States

頁面參數僅供參考，具體以實物為準

書籍簡介

到20世紀60年代末和70年代初，在城市起義浪潮的衝擊下，政治家們最終努力結束了劃紅線的做法。他們認為，通過讓黑人城市居民擁有住房，可以平息動盪，於是通過了1968年的《住房和城市發展法案》(Housing and Urban Development Act)，並着手製定政策，促使抵押貸款機構和房地產行業平等對待黑人購房者。隨後發生的災難表明，種族排斥並沒有被根除，而是變成了一種掠奪性包容的新現象。

《追逐利潤》揭示了在住房歧視被禁止後，房地產剝削行為是如何繼續下去的。在“紅線”政策結束後，同樣的種族主義結構和個人依然完好無損，監管機構和行業之間的密切關係創造了忽視不當行為的動機。與此同時，旨在鼓勵低收入者擁有住房的新政策創造了剝削黑人房主的新方法。聯邦政府為城市抵押貸款提供擔保，試圖克服向黑人購房者放貸的阻力——似乎是無利可圖，而不是種族主義，才是造成住房隔離的原因。銀行家、投資者和房地產經紀人利用這種不正當的動機，把目標對準了那些最有可能無法繼續支付住房貸款、陷入止贖的黑人女性，從而增加了她們的利潤。結果，到20世紀70年代末，美國鼓勵黑人擁有住房的項目以全國各地成千上萬的黑人社區喪失房屋贖回權而告終。對房地產經紀人和抵押貸款者來説，提高黑人住房擁有率的努力已經淪為一座金礦，也成了放松管制擁護者用來反對政府任何形式干預的現成棍棒。

《追逐利潤》講述了住房政策的巨大變化及其對非裔美國人的可怕影響，揭示了城市核心是如何轉變為憤世嫉俗的新前沿。

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, reeling from a wave of urban uprisings, politicians finally worked to end the practice of redlining. Reasoning that the turbulence could be calmed by turning Black city-dwellers into homeowners, they passed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, and set about establishing policies to induce mortgage lenders and the real estate industry to treat Black homebuyers equally. The disaster that ensued revealed that racist exclusion had not been eradicated, but rather transmuted into a new phenomenon of predatory inclusion.

Race for Profit uncovers how exploitative real estate practices continued well after housing discrimination was banned. The same racist structures and individuals remained intact after redlining's end, and close relationships between regulators and the industry created incentives to ignore improprieties. Meanwhile, new policies meant to encourage low-income homeownership created new methods to exploit Black homeowners. The federal government guaranteed urban mortgages in an attempt to overcome resistance to lending to Black buyers – as if unprofitability, rather than racism, was the cause of housing segregation. Bankers, investors, and real estate agents took advantage of the perverse incentives, targeting the Black women most likely to fail to keep up their home payments and slip into foreclosure, multiplying their profits. As a result, by the end of the 1970s, the nation's first programs to encourage Black homeownership ended with tens of thousands of foreclosures in Black communities across the country. The push to uplift Black homeownership had descended into a goldmine for realtors and mortgage lenders, and a ready-made cudgel for the champions of deregulation to wield against government intervention of any kind.

Narrating the story of a sea-change in housing policy and its dire impact on African Americans, Race for Profit reveals how the urban core was transformed into a new frontier of cynical extraction.

作者簡介

Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor是普林斯頓大學非裔美國人研究的助理教授，著有《從黑人的生命至關重要到黑人解放》和《我們如何獲得自由:黑人女權主義和康姆巴溪集體》一書。

Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor is assistant professor of African American studies at Princeton University and author of From BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation and How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective.