失敗了的啟蒙 1748-1830 The Enlightenment that Failed Ideas Revolution and Democratic Defeat 1748-1830 英文原版 Jonathan Israel

基本信息

Format Hardback | 1088 pages

Dimensions 160 x 237 x 61mm | 1,708g

Publication date 24 Feb 2020

Publisher Oxford University Press

Language English

ISBN10 0198738404

ISBN13 9780198738404

頁面參數僅供參考，具體以實物為準

書籍簡介

《失敗了的啟蒙》探討了那些只吸引精英的啟蒙運動和那些渴望通過提高人類意識、自由和教育水平來啟發全社會的啟蒙運動之間日益加深的裂痕。 Jonathan I. Israel解釋了為什麼西方啟蒙運動的民主和激進世俗化傾向在革命時期(1775-1820)在許多國家，特別是在歐洲、北美和西班牙美洲取得了一些顯著的成功後，最終以失敗告終。 他認為，民粹主義，羅伯斯庇爾主義傾向，與民主價值觀和言論自由背道而馳，在法國獲得了意識形態上的優勢，而這引發的負面反應引發了更普遍的反啟蒙運動， 一股反智主義浪潮與各種形式復興相結合，在很大程度上削弱了貧困、弱勢和弱勢羣體的渴望，並以幫助保守的反啟蒙思想(儘管往往是在不知情的情況下)主導社會而告終。  

《失敗了的啟蒙》將美國革命和法國革命與啟蒙運動聯繫在一起的方式與通常的方式明顯不同，它顯示了兩場偉大的革命是如何從根本上分裂的，它們是激烈對立的，完全不兼容的意識形態傾向。 激進的啟蒙運動在意識形態上對當時的君主-貴族現狀提出了有效的挑戰，但在19世紀三四十年代，由於馬克思主義和其他形式的社會主義的興起，啟蒙運動被削弱，幾乎完全偏離了軌道，並從西方意識中被取代。  

The Enlightenment that Failed explores the growing rift between those Enlightenment trends and initiatives that appealed exclusively to elites and those aspiring to enlighten all of society by raising mankind's awareness, freedoms, and educational level generally. Jonathan I. Israel explains why the democratic and radical secularizing tendency of the Western Enlightenment, after gaining some notable successes during the revolutionary era (1775-1820) in numerous countries, especially in Europe, North America, and Spanish America, ultimately failed. He argues that a populist, Robespierriste tendency, sharply at odds with democratic values and freedom of expression, gained an ideological advantage in France, and that the negative reaction this generally provoked caused a more general anti-Enlightenment reaction, a surging anti-intellectualism combined with forms of religious revival that largely undermined the longings of the deprived, underprivileged, and disadvantaged, and ended by helping, albeit often unwittingly, conservative anti-Enlightenment ideologies to dominate the scene. 

The Enlightenment that Failed relates both the American and the French revolutions to the Enlightenment in a markedly different fashion from how this is usually done, showing how both great revolutions were fundamentally split between bitterly opposed and utterly incompatible ideological tendencies. Radical Enlightenment, which had been an effective ideological challenge to the prevailing monarchical-aristocratic status quo, was weakened, then almost entirely derailed and displaced from the Western consciousness, in the 1830s and 1840s by the rise of Marxism and other forms of socialism.

目錄

1: Introduction: Radical Enlightenment and 'Modernity'

Part I: The Origins of Democratic Modernity

2: The Rise of Democratic Republicanism

3: From Radical Renaissance to Radical Enlightenment

4: From Radical Reformation to the Cercle Spinoziste

5: English 'Deism' and its pre-1700 Roots

6: Great 'Moderates' and the Temptations of the Radical: Montesquieu and the Forbidden

7: D'Holbach against Voltaire and Rousseau: a triangular battle of Political Thought Systems

8: Revolution without Violence: The Nordic Model

Part II: Human Rights and Revolution (1770-1830)

9: Parallel Revolutions: America and France (1774-1793)

10: General Will' and The Invention of Universal and Equal Human Rights (1750-1789)

11: Emancipating Women: Marriage, Equality, and Female Citizenship (1775-1815)

12: From Classical Economics to post-Classical redistributive Economics (1775-1820)

13: Reforming Europe's Law Codes

14: Unity of Humanity: Race Theory and the Equality of Peoples

15: Unity of Humanity: Property, Class, and the Emancipation of Man

Part III: Revolution and Competing Revolutionary Ideologies (1789-1830)

16: Robespierre anti-philosophe, Or, the Battle of Ideologies during the French Revolution

17: The Swiss Revolution and the Hard Climb to Democratic Republicanism (1782-1848)

18: The Belgian Revolution (1787-1794)

19: Enlightening against Robespierre (and Napoleon): the Ecoles centrales (1792-1804)

20: Revolution and the Universities: Germany's 'Philosophy Wars' (1780-1820)

21: Radicalism and Repression in the Anglo-American World (1775-1815)

22: The American Connection

23: The Spanish Revolution (1808-1823)

24: Black Emancipation, Universal Emancipation and the Haitian Revolution (1775-1825)

Part IV: The Enlightenment that Failed

25: Reaction and Radicalism: Germany and the Low Countries (1814-1830)

26: British Philosophical Radicalism (1814-1830)

27: Failed Restoration in France (1814-1830)

28: Bolivar and Spinoza

29: Karl Marx and the Left's Turn from Radical Enlightenment to Socialism (1838-1848)

30: Conclusion: The 'Radical Enlightenment Thesis' and Its Critics

作者簡介

Jonathan Israel 在倫敦出生並接受教育，畢業於劍橋大學，並在牛津大學獲得博士學位。 在被任命為普林斯頓高等研究院現代歷史教授之前，他在英國大學（紐卡斯爾大學、赫爾大學和倫敦大學學院）任教三十年。 他於 2016 年退休。

Jonathan Israel was born and educated in London, graduated at Cambridge, and gained his PhD at Oxford. He taught for thirty years in British universities (Newcastle, Hull, and University College London) before being appointed Professor of Modern History at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. He retired in 2016.